21. There are ten blanks in the following passage. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices in the box. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.substantial preconceptio depleted largely destinednsfeared explicitly prerequisite prior to distinguishpersistent conducted informed whereasperceivedAn adequate public understanding of radiation phenomena is essential for both personal safety and _1_ democratic decision-making. This, in turn, requires radiation communicators to understand how such phenomena are _2_ by laypeople. To examine non-experts' conceptions of radiation, a questionnaire survey was _3_. The results indicate _4_ gaps in understanding of key concepts, including radioactive decay, half-life, and radiation absorption, as well as _5_ confusion between radiation and radioactive materials. Many respondents also failed to _6_ sources of ionising radiation from other environmental hazards. Nuclear power plants and nuclear submarines emerged as the most _7_ radiation sources. The findings further suggest that lay perceptions of radiation and its risks are shaped _8_ by mass media, _9_ school-based knowledge is rarely transferred to real-world contexts. These results highlight the need for improved educational and communication strategies that address learners' _10_ and more effectively connect formal instruction with real-world applications.

本题考查词汇在语境中的运用，解题思路是根据句子的语义、语法结构以及上下文的逻辑关系，从给定的词汇列表中选择合适的单词填入空白处。

第1题

句子表达“对辐射现象有充分的公众理解对于个人安全和……民主决策至关重要”。“informed”有“知情的”意思，“informed democratic decision - making”表示“知情的民主决策”，符合语境，所以第一空填“informed”。

第2题

“such phenomena are...by laypeople”，这里需要一个表示“被外行……”的动词。“perceived”是“perceive（感知）”的过去分词形式，“are perceived by”表示“被……感知”，即辐射现象是如何被外行感知的，符合语义，所以第二空填“perceived”。

第3题

“a questionnaire survey was...”，这里需要一个表示“进行”意思的动词的过去分词，构成被动语态。“conducted”是“conduct（进行）”的过去分词，“a questionnaire survey was conducted”表示“进行了一项问卷调查”，符合语法和语义，所以第三空填“conducted”。

第4题

“gaps in understanding”表示“理解上的差距”，需要一个形容词来修饰“gaps”。“substantial”意为“显著的，大量的”，“substantial gaps”表示“显著的差距”，符合语境，所以第四空填“substantial”。

第5题

“confusion between radiation and radioactive materials”，需要一个形容词来修饰“confusion”。“persistent”表示“持续的”，“persistent confusion”表示“持续的混淆”，符合语义，所以第五空填“persistent”。

第6题

“fail to...sources of ionising radiation from other environmental hazards”，“distinguish...from...”是固定搭配，表示“区分……和……”，“fail to distinguish”表示“未能区分”，符合句子意思，所以第六空填“distinguish”。

第7题

“the most...radiation sources”，这里需要一个形容词来描述“辐射源”。“feared”是“fear（害怕）”的过去分词作形容词，“the most feared radiation sources”表示“最令人恐惧的辐射源”，符合语境，所以第七空填“feared”。

第8题

“lay perceptions of radiation and its risks are shaped...by mass media”，需要一个副词来修饰“shaped”。“largely”表示“主要地，很大程度上”，“are shaped largely by”表示“主要由……塑造”，符合语义，所以第八空填“largely”。

第9题

“school - based knowledge is rarely transferred to real - world contexts”与前面“lay perceptions of radiation and its risks are shaped largely by mass media”形成对比，“whereas”表示“然而，而”，用于引出对比的内容，符合逻辑关系，所以第九空填“whereas”。

第10题

“address learners'...”，这里需要一个名词。“preconceptions”表示“先入之见，前概念”，“address learners' preconceptions”表示“解决学习者的前概念”，符合语境，所以第十空填“preconceptions”。