题目
5. int(x^2dx)/(sqrt(x^2)-2)=(2分) A. (x^2)/(2)sqrt(x^2)-2+ln|x+sqrt(x^2)-2|+c B. (x^2)/(2)sqrt(x^2)-2-ln|x+sqrt(x^2)-2|+c C. (x)/(2)sqrt(x^2)-2+ln|x+sqrt(x^2)-2|+c D. (x)/(2)sqrt(x^2)-2-ln|x+sqrt(x^2)-2|+c
5. $\int\frac{x^{2}dx}{\sqrt{x^{2}-2}}$=(2分)
A. $\frac{x^{2}}{2}\sqrt{x^{2}-2}+\ln|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-2}|+c$
B. $\frac{x^{2}}{2}\sqrt{x^{2}-2}-\ln|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-2}|+c$
C. $\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^{2}-2}+\ln|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-2}|+c$
D. $\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^{2}-2}-\ln|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-2}|+c$
A. $\frac{x^{2}}{2}\sqrt{x^{2}-2}+\ln|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-2}|+c$
B. $\frac{x^{2}}{2}\sqrt{x^{2}-2}-\ln|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-2}|+c$
C. $\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^{2}-2}+\ln|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-2}|+c$
D. $\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^{2}-2}-\ln|x+\sqrt{x^{2}-2}|+c$
题目解答
答案
为了求解积分 $\int \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}$,我们可以使用换元法。设 $x = \sqrt{2} \sec \theta$,则 $dx = \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta$。代入积分,我们得到:
\[
\int \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}} = \int \frac{(\sqrt{2} \sec \theta)^2 \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta}{\sqrt{(\sqrt{2} \sec \theta)^2 - 2}} = \int \frac{2 \sec^2 \theta \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta}{\sqrt{2 \sec^2 \theta - 2}}.
\]
由于 $\sec^2 \theta - 1 = \tan^2 \theta$,我们有:
\[
\int \frac{2 \sec^2 \theta \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta}{\sqrt{2 \tan^2 \theta}} = \int \frac{2 \sec^2 \theta \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta}{\sqrt{2} \tan \theta} = \int 2 \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta.
\]
现在,我们需要计算 $\int 2 \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta$。使用分部积分法,设 $u = \sec \theta$ 和 $dv = \sec^2 \theta \, d\theta$,则 $du = \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta$ 和 $v = \tan \theta$。因此,我们有:
\[
\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \sec \theta \tan \theta - \int \sec \theta \tan^2 \theta \, d\theta = \sec \theta \tan \theta - \int \sec \theta (\sec^2 \theta - 1) \, d\theta = \sec \theta \tan \theta - \int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta + \int \sec \theta \, d\theta.
\]
将 $\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta$ 移到等式的一边,我们得到:
\[
2 \int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \sec \theta \tan \theta + \int \sec \theta \, d\theta = \sec \theta \tan \theta + \ln|\sec \theta + \tan \theta| + C.
\]
因此,
\[
\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \frac{1}{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec \theta + \tan \theta| + C.
\]
代回 $x = \sqrt{2} \sec \theta$,我们有 $\sec \theta = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}$ 和 $\tan \theta = \sqrt{\sec^2 \theta - 1} = \sqrt{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2 - 1} = \sqrt{\frac{x^2}{2} - 1} = \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{\sqrt{2}}$。因此,
\[
\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{\sqrt{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \ln \left| \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} + \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{\sqrt{2}} \right| + C = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \ln \left| \frac{x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{\sqrt{2}} \right| + C = \frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \ln |x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}| - \frac{1}{2} \ln \sqrt{2} + C.
\]
由于 $- \frac{1}{2} \ln \sqrt{2}$ 是一个常数,可以合并到 $C$ 中,我们得到:
\[
\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \ln |x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}| + C.
\]
因此,
\[
\int \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}} = 2 \int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = 2 \left( \frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \ln |x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}| + C \right) = \frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{2} + \ln |x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}| + C.
\]
所以,正确答案是 $\boxed{C}$。
解析
本题考查不定积分的计算,解题思路是先通过换元法将被积函数化简,再利用分部积分法计算化简后的积分,最后将结果代回原变量。
- 换元化简积分:
设$x = \sqrt{2} \sec \theta$,则$dx = \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta$。
将其代入积分$\int \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}$可得:
$\begin{align*}\int \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}&=\int \frac{(\sqrt{2} \sec \theta)^2 \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta}{\sqrt{(\sqrt{2} \sec \theta)^2 - 2}}\\&=\int \frac{2 \sec^2 \theta \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta}{\sqrt{2 \sec^2 \theta - 2}}\end{align*}$
根据三角函数的平方关系$\sec^2 \theta - 1 = \tan^2 \theta$,进一步化简可得:
$\begin{align*}\int \frac{2 \sec^2 \theta \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta}{\sqrt{2 \tan^2 \theta}}&=\int \frac{2 \sec^2 \theta \cdot \sqrt{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta}{\sqrt{2} \tan \theta}\\&=\int 2 \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta\end{align*}$ - 利用分部积分法计算$\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta$:
设$u = \sec \theta$,$dv = \sec^2 \theta \, d\theta$,则$du = \sec \theta \tan \theta \, d\theta$,$v = \tan \theta$。
根据分部积分公式$\int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du$可得:
$\begin{align*}\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta&=\sec \theta \tan \theta - \int \sec \theta \tan^2 \theta \, d\theta\\&=\sec \theta \tan \theta - \int \sec \theta (\sec^2 \theta - 1) \, d\theta\\&=\sec \theta \tan \theta - \int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta + \int \sec \theta \, d\theta\end{align*}$
将$\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta$移到等式左边可得:
$2 \int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \sec \theta \tan \theta + \int \sec \theta \, d\theta$
已知$\int \sec \theta \, d\theta = \ln|\sec \theta + \tan \theta| + C$,则:
$2 \int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \sec \theta \tan \theta + \ln|\sec \theta + \tan \theta| + C$
两边同时除以$2$可得:
$\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \frac{1}{2} \sec \theta \tan \theta + \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec \theta + \tan \theta| + C$ - 将结果代回原变量:
因为$x = \sqrt{2} \sec \theta$,所以$\sec \theta = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}$,$\tan \theta = \sqrt{\sec^2 \theta - 1} = \sqrt{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2 - 1} = \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{\sqrt{2}}$。
将$\sec \theta$和$\tan \theta$代入$\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta$的结果可得:
$\begin{align*}\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta&=\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{\sqrt{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \ln \left| \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} + \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{\sqrt{2}} \right| + C\\&=\frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \ln \left| \frac{x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{\sqrt{2}} \right| + C\\&=\frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \ln |x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}| - \frac{1}{2} \ln \sqrt{2} + C\end{align*}$
由于$- \frac{1}{2} \ln \sqrt{2}$是常数,可合并到$C$中,即:
$\int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta = \frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \ln |x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}| + C$ - 计算原积分:
因为$\int \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}} = 2 \int \sec^3 \theta \, d\theta$,所以:
$\begin{align*}\int \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{x^2 - 2}}&=2 \left( \frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \ln |x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}| + C \right)\\&=\frac{x \sqrt{x^2 - 2}}{2} + \ln |x + \sqrt{x^2 - 2}| + C\end{align*}$