Oceanography has been defined as "The application of all sciences to the study of the sea"． Before the nineteenth century， scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between． Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings， but he was unwilling to go to sea to further his work． For most people the sea was remote， and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea， there was little reason to ask many questions about it， let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface． The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans？" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable（电缆）from Europe to America was proposed． The engineers had to know the depth profile（起伏形状）of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be made． It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned， in 1853， for information on this matter． In the 1840s， Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings（测深）were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans． Later， some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book ---The Physical Geography of the Sea．The cable was laid， but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable． At the early attempts， the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths， a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea．Within a few years oceanography was under way． In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition， which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea． Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report， the last volume being published in 1895．（1）The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly ____ ．A．for oceanographic studiesB．for military purposesC．for business considerationsD．for investigating the depths of the oceans（2）The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was ____ ．A．to make some sound experiments in the oceansB．to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC．to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD．to measure the depths of the two oceans（3）The underlined word "defied" in the 4th paragraph probably means ____ ．A．doubtedB．challengedC．gave proof toD．agreed to（4）The theme of this passage is about ____ ．A．the beginnings of oceanographyB．the laying of the first undersea cableC．the investigation of ocean depthsD．the early intercontinental communications

Section C-|||-Directions:In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear three or-|||-four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you-|||-must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the-|||-corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.-|||-Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.-|||-16.A)Paying hospital bills for emergency cases.-|||-B)Doing research on ear,nose and throat diseases.-|||-C)Removing objects from patients` noses and ears.-|||-D)Providing routine care for small children.-|||-17.A)Children aged one to four are often more curious than older children.-|||-B)Five-to nine-year-olds are the most likely to put things in their ears.-|||-C)Many children like to put foreign objects in their mouths.-|||-D)Many children like to smell things they find or play with.-|||-18.A)They want to attract attention. C)They are unaware of the potential risks.-|||-B)They tend to act out of impulse. D)They are curious about these body parts.Section C Directions: In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard. 16.A)Paying hospital bills for emergency cases. B)Doing research on ear,nose and throat diseases. C)Removing objects from patients' noses and ears. D)Providing routine care for small children. 17.A)Children aged one to four are often more curious than older children. B)Five- to nine-year-olds are the most likely to put things in their ears. C)Many children like to put foreign objects in their mouths. D)Many children like to smell things they find or play with. 18.A)They want to attract attention. C) They are unaware of the potential risks. B)They tend to act out of impulse. D) They are curious about these body parts.

White smoke from a boiler may indicate _.A. low fuel oil temperatureB. low fuel oil pressureC. a fractured tubeD. insufficient combustion air

First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay ＄85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work. (1)The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to . A.explain American's tolerance of current security checks B.stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide C.highlight the necessity of upgrading major D.emphasize the importance of privacy protection (2)Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports? A.New restrictions on carry-on bags. B.The declining efficiency of the TSA. C.An increase in the number of travellers. D.Frequent unexpected secret checks. (3)One problem with the PreCheck program is . A.a dramatic reduction of its scale B.its wrongly-directed implementation C.the government's reluctance to back it D.an unreasonable price for enrollment (4)Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A.Less Screening for More Safety B.PreCheck—a Belated Solution C.Getting Stuck in Security Lines D.Underused PreCheck Lanes

It is the world’s fourth-most-important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice. It provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant. It is, of course, the potato. The United Nations has hoped that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to reduce poverty and promote economic development. The potato promoted economic development by supporting the Industrial Revolution in England in the 19th century. It provided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate, so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, as people there specialized in livestock farming and domestic industry, while farmers in the south concentrated on wheat production. By a happy accident, the concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available, and a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its "historically revolutionary role". In the form of French fries, served alongside burgers and Coca-Cola, potatoes are now a symbol of globalization. This is quite a change given the skepticism which first greeted them on their arrival in the Old World in the 16th century. They were variously thought to be fit only for animals, to be associated with the devil or to be poisonous. They took hold in 18th- century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat; people then realized just how useful and reliable they were. As Adam Smith, one of the potato’s many admirers, observed at the time, "The very general use which is made of potatoes in these kingdoms as food for man is a convincing proof that the prejudices of a nation, with regard to diet, however deeply rooted, are by no means unconquerable." Mashed, fried, boiled and roast, a humble potato changed the world, and people everywhere should celebrate it.What Adam Smith said could be used to demonstrate the potato’s ().A. general useB. main featuresC. success storyD. bright future

Cavitation of centrifugal pumps may be caused by ____A. high speed water passing over the impeller blade.B. tiny vapor bubbles travelling through the impeller.C. explosion inside the pump.D. lower saturation temperature of the water passing through the pump

The phrase "progressive education" is one, if not of protest, at least of contrast, of contrast with an education which was predominantly static in subject-matter, authoritarian in methods, and mainly passive and receptive from the side of the young. But the philosophy of education must go beyond any idea of education that is formed by way of contrast, reaction and protest. For it is an attempt to discover what education is and how it takes place. Only when we identify education with schooling does it seem to be a simple thing to tell what education actually is, and yet a clear idea of what it is gives us our only criterion for judging and directing what goes on in schools.　　It is sometimes supposed that it is the business of the philosophy of education to tell what education should be. But the only way of deciding what education should be, at least, the only way which does not lead us into the clouds, is discovery of what actually takes place when education really occurs. And before we can formulate a philosophy of education we must know how human nature is constituted in the concrete; we must know about the working of actual social forces; we must know about the operations through which basic raw materials are modified into something of greater value. The need for a philosophy of education is thus fundamentally the need for finding out what education really is. We have to take those cases in which we find there is a real development of desirable powers, and then find out how this development took place. Then we can project what has taken place in these instances as a guide for directing our other efforts. The need for this discovery and this projection is the need for a philosophy of education.　　What then is education when we find actual satisfactory specimens of it in existence In the first place, it is a process of development, of growth. And it is the process and not merely the result that is important. A truly healthy person is not something fixed and completed. He is a person whose processes and activities go on in such a way that he will continue to be healthy. Similarly, an educated person is the person who has the power to go on and get more education.　　In any case, development, growth, involve change, modification, and modification in definite directions. It is quite possible for a teacher, under the supposed sanction of the idea of cultivating individuality, to fixate a pupil more or less at his existing level. Respect for individuality is primarily intellectual. It signifies studying the individual to see what is there to work with. Having this sympathetic understanding, the practical work then begins, for the practical work is one of modification, of changing, of reconstruction continued without end. The change must at least be towards more effective techniques, towards greater self-reliance, towards a more thoughtful and inquiring disposition, one more capable of persistent effort in meeting obstacles. The philosophy of education is supposed A. to result from real understanding of actual schooling.B. to lead to overall prescription of practical education.C. to have happened when education came into existence.D. to be the basis on which practical education is formulated.

If it __________for the snow, we ___________themountain yesterday.A. were not;could have climbedB. were not;could climbC. had not been;could have climbedD. had not been;could climb

---Excuse me, would you mind answering a few questions? Well, I don’t know．I’m in rather a hurry ______．A. seriouslyB. eventuallyC. actuallyD. distinctly

The winter was very severe, especially at night, so the mom had to put an extra blanket over the baby for fear thatA. he catches a coldB. he be catching a coldC. he caught a coldD. he would catch a cold